Written by Lina Quesada-Ocampo, Sarah Cochran-Murray, and Inga Meadows

Reports of pepper anthracnose outbreaks caused by Colletotrichum scovillei are increasing across the southeastern U.S., including nearby regions in South Carolina. As this emerging pathogen becomes more prevalent, North Carolina pepper growers should stay alert, particularly during transplant establishment and early fruit development. This disease poses a significant risk to both bell and specialty pepper production when weather conditions favor disease development; however, bell peppers seem to be more susceptible.

Colletotrichum scovillei is a recently distinguished species within the Colletotrichum acutatum complex and is notable for its ability to infect immature fruit, a characteristic that can lead to early yield losses. Typical symptoms include circular, sunken lesions that may produce pink to orange spore masses in the center under humid conditions (Figure 1). Spiked black spore masses called acervuli can also be seen in the center of lesions (Figure 2). These lesions can develop quickly and render fruit unmarketable.

This pathogen is most commonly introduced into production systems through infected transplants or contaminated trays. Other species of Colletotrichum can be spread by seed, and although this has not been confirmed with C. scovillei, it is possible that contaminated seed may be a source of inoculum. The greatest risk of spread occurs in the field via splashing water, especially from rain or overhead irrigation, and through tools or worker contact.

To minimize the risk of introduction, growers and transplant producers should inspect pepper transplants carefully before planting. Any transplants showing water-soaked lesions or soft stem decay should be discarded immediately. Trays and greenhouse tools should be disinfected between uses, and overhead irrigation should be avoided when possible to limit splash dispersal.

In the field, C. scovillei thrives in warm, humid environments. Frequent rain events, dense canopies, and poor air circulation can accelerate disease development and spread. Preventive management strategies include using drip irrigation, implementing crop rotation with non-solanaceous species for at least two years, and maintaining regular field scouting, especially during periods of wet weather.

Several fungicides can help protect developing fruit, but applications must begin before symptoms appear and must be rotated to avoid fungicide resistance.

For confirmation of suspected anthracnose infections, growers can submit samples to the NC State Plant Disease and Insect Clinic. Early identification is critical to preventing widespread losses, especially given the aggressiveness of this pathogen on young fruit.

For assistance with diagnosis, rotation planning, or fungicide scheduling, contact your local Extension agent.

Taking action now to prevent introduction and early infections can help protect pepper crops from this damaging disease throughout the season.

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